Magic Colored Milk Science Project

If you add food coloring to milk, not a whole lot happens, but it only takes one simple ingredient to turn the milk into a swirling color wheel. Here is what you do. Magic Milk Materials 2% or whole milkfood coloringdishwashing liquidcotton swabplate Magic Milk Instructions Pour enough milk onto a plate to cover the bottom.Drop food coloring into the milk. Dip a cotton swab in dishwashing detergent liquid.Touch the coated swab to the milk in the center of the plate.Dont stir the milk; it isnt necessary. The colors will swirl on their own as soon as the detergent contacts the liquid. How the Color Wheel Works Milk consists of a lot of different types of molecules, including fat, protein, sugars, vitamins, and minerals. If you had just touched a clean cotton swab to the milk (try it!), not much would have happened. The cotton is absorbent, so you would have created a current in the milk, but you wouldnt have seen anything especially dramatic happen. When you introduce detergent to the milk, several things happen at once. The detergent lowers the surface tension of the liquid so that the food coloring is free to flow throughout the milk. The detergent reacts with the protein in the milk, altering the shape of those molecules and setting them in motion. The reaction between the detergent and the fat forms micelles, which is how detergent helps to lift grease off of dirty dishes. As the micelles form, the pigments in the food coloring get pushed around. Eventually, equilibrium is reached, but the swirling of the colors continues for quite a while before stopping.

Technology And Its Effects On The Environment - 2078 Words

Technology is todays leading source of civilization today. It has allowed humanity to develop new and efficient means of producing food and shelter, all while improving the quality and happiness of our lives. Technology has been the key to our successful lives that we live in the new world today. But what about the negatives technology has produced? What about the things about technology that is overlooked? Such as, the chemicals that are being released in the environment, the high consumption of resources, or the garbage being produced. What has these things done for our Earth and how can we improve these conditions? Alan M. Eddison said it best; â€Å"Modern technology, owes ecology, an apology†. (1) This paper will argue that developing technologies are depleting the environment. The first section of the paper will outline manufacturing technologies has caused destruction to the environment by developing more than Earth can sustain. Following, technology has been used irresponsibly for the depletion of resources that humans need to survive. This paper will then discuss industrializing equipment has gone too far and used too extensively. Disposing of unused technologies has been exercised incorrectly and has damaged our environment will conclude the topic of technologies depleting the environment. Finally, the essay will conclude with a discussion and commentary regarding technology damaging the environment. Manufacturing technologies has caused destruction toShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Technology On The Environment955 Words   |  4 PagesWhile it may be evident that technology is altering many aspects of life, increasing amounts of evidence declare that technology benefits us. While the author’s argument makes excellent points, they believe technology is negatively effecting people’s lives. The author demonstrates competence but lacks rigid evidence defending his opinionated reasoning. The written article therefore provides little effect to believing their cause. The author begins their argument by stating information about anRead MoreThe Effect of Technology on the Environment3832 Words   |  16 PagesThe Effect Of Technology On The Environment | Nishant S. Manohar | | | | GENTECH 3TO3 | 11/16/2012 | | Table of Contents Introduction 3 Chernobyl Disaster 7 Technology amp; Failure 7 Accident 9 Prevention 10 The BP Oil Spill 11 Technology, Failure amp; Prevention 11 The Bhopal Disaster 14 Technology, Failure amp; Prevention 14 Three Mile Island Accident 16 Technology, Failure amp; Prevention 16 Seveso Disaster 19 Technology, Failure amp; Prevention 19 ConclusionRead MoreThe Effects Of Technology On Our Environment1492 Words   |  6 Pagesof years, if not thousands, due to our want for a better lifestyle. Although it can be said that technology has brought nothing but convenience and efficiency to our lives, the drawbacks have huge impacts on our environment. I have been thinking about the recent conversation we had regarding the readings and discussions in our AHS course. I recall that you argued for the advantages of new technologies and its ability to solve all environmental problems, enable constant progress and ensure never-endingRead MoreHydroelectric Power Technology and its Effects on the Environment1174 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscovered, including solar power, nuclear power, wind-generated power and hydroelectric power. This essay aims at giving some basic knowledge on hydroelectric power technology with focuses on its impacts on environment. Firstly, a brief introduction of hydroelectricity will be given, followed by some discussions regarding its effects on environment, then a conclusion will be drawn based on the discussions and some recommendations for the future at the end. Hydroelectricity is a renewable energy source thatRead MoreThe Effect Of Sensor Market On The Environment Of Rapid Progress Of Technology1474 Words   |  6 Pages1) The overview of simulation In recent years, the sensor market is expected to have a great potential for development. This is because under the environment of rapid progress of technology, sensors has been extensively applied in high-tech products with the high frequency of use, such as smart-phones, laptops and other portable equipment. Under the simulated market, the sensor market was carved up by four companies, they are Andrews, Baldwin, Chester and Digby, and each of them also operated 5 differentRead MoreThe Effect Of Welding On Developing High Speed And Environment Friendly Technology1251 Words   |  6 PagesCHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction These days, the focus of researchers is more on developing high-speed and environment-friendly technology in manufacturing techniques and this includes friction stir welding. Friction stir welding is a solid state joining process used for applications where the original melt characteristics must remain unchanged as far as possible. It was discovered in December 1991 and experimentally proven by Wayne Thomas and his team at welding institute in the UK. A rotatingRead MoreThe Effects Of New Plants, Animals, And Technologies Altered The Natural ( Physical ) Environment Of North America1306 Words   |  6 Pages1. Explain how the introduction of new plants, animals, and technologies altered the natural (physical) environment of North America. Think Columbian Exchange. The introduction of new plants, animals and technologies had great impact on North America’s environment. For example, horses were amongst the many animals introduced, as a result, the native people were able to travel longer distances in a shorter period of time, and hunt more effectively. Other animals that were introduced include pigs,Read MoreImpact Of Technology On The Environment1277 Words   |  6 Pagescosts that came from the effects of technology on the environment are literal and figurative, monetary and destructive. The first article being explored is â€Å"Technology and the Environment† by Vernon W. Ruttan. Ruttan looks at the relationship between technology and environmental through the eyes of economics. He compares the usage of technology and its effects on the environment with the economical terms supply and demand, technology being the â€Å"rising demand† and the environment being the â€Å"inelasticRead MorePhotovoltaic Technology Impacts o n Environment Essay836 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Proposal on Photovoltaic Technology Impacts on Environment The research will explore the effects that brought about by the degradation of photovoltaic panels to the environment. This will also include the effect of degradation photovoltaic when exposed to both fresh and salt water. The study will also include an assessment of degradation effect on the performance and reliability of photovoltaic system. Thus, this research will focus on the outcome of having a photovoltaic panel lying onRead MoreBenefit Of Technology Essay1023 Words   |  5 PagesDoes technology benefit or hurt humankind as a whole? This is a question that pops up more and more as we continue to advance and integrate technology more into our lives. It is currently pretty clear that we use a substantial amount of technology some would even say to an exaggerated level. You might be thinking to yourself â€Å"what are you talking about, technology is a must it helps us live longer than ever, cure diseases and illnesses and we can even create things only imagined in science fiction

The Reasons Why the World’s Languages Are Disappearing Free Essays

The reasons why the world’s languages are disappearing Language is everything; because language is a part of culture which is inseparable with human’s life. People speak by their language regardless of what language they use. There are more than 60. We will write a custom essay sample on The Reasons Why the World’s Languages Are Disappearing or any similar topic only for you Order Now 000 languages which do exist in the world; but unfortunately nowadays every fortnight, a language dies; more than half of the world’s languages are in danger; and by the end of this century it is going to disappear completely. The pace of the languages extinctions are faster than the extinction of flora and fauna. The proof is in the last 5 centuries, an estimated half of the world’s languages have become extinct; but now language does not even need much longer period to become extinct; a century and it will be done. The primary reason as to why the world’s languages are disappearing is it has no longer speakers. Research proved that for the minor language, only a few people speak. Ironically, what research means by minor is the local languages; in fact there are much more languages that is considered as minor or local rather than the major. It means that there are lots of languages which potentially extinct. Next, the second reason is the languages are considered old-fashioned. Moreover, some societies are surrounded by people who speak more common language. Therefore, those societies decide to leave their mother tongue because it is some kind of disgrace of still speaking it in the middle of the society who speak more modern languages. The third one, it is because of natural disaster. It just disappeared instantly. People died and also the language. Therefore there is nobody who can spread the language; because they themselves as the native speakers died. Reason number four is because of the complexity. People hate learning a difficult language; lots of minor and local languages have a high complexity as of finally people do not want to learn it and by doing so, they do not speak it. Finally, there are 4 reasons why lots languages died out. All of them are the basic reasons; but not only human who has contributed to the disappearing but also the nature. Therefore to stop the disappearing, there must be something that we are suppose to do; such as try to learn the local language, learn to be proud of it and learn to keep it all the time. How to cite The Reasons Why the World’s Languages Are Disappearing, Essay examples

Corporate Finance Pharmaceutical ASX

Question: Describe about the Corporate Finance for Pharmaceutical ASX. Answer: Introduction Race oncology is a pharmaceutical company listed in the ASX. The company has various drugs that are patented undwer its name. The brand has got Bisantrene, a drug that is used for chemotherapy drug and has been the anchor product for this company for a very long time. The drug is used commonly for cancer patients in chemotherapy. However, Race Oncology has many other drugs that are used to for other treatments hence the companys shares have value in the stock market. The companys share price has been changing depending on the information in the market (Brentani, 2004). . The company has patented some of its drugs that have been discovered during its research and development. In this paper, we shall analyse the role and importance of a CFO for this company. Role of CFO Treasury duties Under these duties, the CFO performs functions such as ensuring that the suppliers are paid on time and the correct amount, he also oversees the payment of management fees, the CFO processes the payroll for the various persopnnel that work in the company. However, the CFO is involved in ensuring that the company manages risk in a good way to ensure that the company is not making any loss , this is also known as hedging. Collections from debtors, also fall under this category of treasury duties. (Barnes, 2009) . There are different ways of making payments that include methods such as issuing cheques, RTGS, money transfers through banks, cash among other methods. The chief finance officer evaluates and advices on which is the best method of payment in term of cost and security (Brentani, 2004). The chief finance officer also advices on the lengrh of time that the company can give out credit. The repayment and payment periods are vital for every company as they determine the liquidity o f the company and its ability to make payments and operate well. Under the treasury duties, the CFO is supposed to calculate the interest payments for the debts that the company takes, and as the head of finance the CFO should negotiate with bank managers to offer credit that is suitable for the company. The lowest chargest or interest rates are best for the company. (Hillier, 2010). The CFO of Race Oncology makes funding decisions for the company. For a pharmaceutical company most funds go to the research and development department. However, there are competing projects that are equally beneficial to the company hence the CFO should be knowledgeable in which project gives the company higher returns (Jordan and Michel, 2001). The chief finance officer should evaluate all the projects that the company intends to undertake and recommend to the board of directors the project that will suit the company in terms of increasing profits and also increasing the companys value. The CFO prepares daily financial position of the company as well as the monthly management reports to report to the board about the position of the company. (Karaian, n.d.). When it comes to foreign currency, the CFO purchases and sells the foreign currency according to the companys demands and advices on when to buy inorder to save the company from making loses on forex. Controllership duties For any company, the internal controls are very vital, they should be strong enough to ensure that no fraud can take place. The CFO together with the internal and external auditor recommends the internal controls that should be put in place for the company in order to achieve non fraud free financial system. The Cfo provides information that is used at all levels of management on how operations in the company should be carried out(Nelken, 2006). He isntitutes various processes meant to safeguard the companys assets. Inventory management, is also a duty of the CFO ands for a pharmaceutical company the inventory is a vital component of the company. This is part of the working capital management that includes the accounts receivable and cash that determines how efficiently the company will operate. It is important to control the cashflow of the company. This information on cashflow is important for decision making. The information provided by the CFO should be complete, verifiable, mean ingful so that the board should have confdidence on the major decisions that they make (Pesaran, 2010). All the controls institutred in the company are very necessary for any project to be successful. The CFO should be able to know where the money is being used and if it is being used in the right way. The CFO in some companies is part of the oversight committee that oversees how projects are being undertaken (Read, 2013). Also, the tax matters fall under the financial department of the company, the CFO ensures that all the taxes are paid and on time to mitigate against any tax penalities that are as a result of delayed submissions. Magaging taxes is key to any companys success. The chief finance officer is responsible for disseminating fianancial information to the third parties. Third parties in this case includes shareholders who expect that the financial statements prepared for the company reflect a true and fair value for the company and can be relied on(Executive careers in business administration, 2007). Other third parties who are interested by the information are suppliers who want to know if the company is in a position to repay them and the government whoich is interested in knowing the comnpanys tax liability(Jordan and Michel, 2001). .. Economic strategy and forecasting duties Developing strategies and budgeting is also another role of the CFO. He should be able to plan the companys finances for the next one year so that the cash received is sufficiently used in various projects in both the short term and the long term. In order to ensure that the company is improving and growing at the same time, the chief finance officer should ensure that the budgets of the company are prepared so that all the projects arew budgeted for and funds allocated for the projects. This stabilizes the company both in the short term and long term and thus the company is able to grow steadily. How responsibility of CFO can impact objective of the company The CFO steers the company to making better decisions in terms of finances. These includes selecting the projects have high returns which is aimed at increasing the companys profitability. The objective for this company is to maximize profits for the shareholders hence the strategies and budgeting that are made by the CFO are critical because they ensure that the company is on a profit making path (Jordan and Michel, 2001). . There are other decisions that are not made solely by the CFO although the CFO is the one who advices the team making those decisions such as dividend payment decisions. The controllership duties ensure that the companys financial position reflects are true and fair position of the company(Executive careers in business administration, 2007). Transparency is oanother objective that the company has and the CFO helps in creating a transparent financial system so that the shareholders are confident that their moneys are being used in the correct way. One of the criteria for a company to be listed is that it must ensure that it is transparent enough not to cast any doubt to the potential investors. Hence, transparency forms one of the objectives of the company that it should provide a good choice for anyone who wants to invest in it. Corporate governance also requires for compoanys that are listed in the stock exchange to have good internal controls which results to transparent companies. Cost minimization is also another objective for the companies therefore the CFO is required to make decisions that make the company have as little cost as possible. One of the ways of reducing the companys costs is ensuring that thec company is efficient enough for all its processes. This includes having a lean but competent work force, the CFO should ensure that all the employees that is the human resource are fully uitilized, he should also make sure that the company incurs very little in terms of interest on loans from banks , hence, on of its roles is that he should negotiate with the creditors to give out loans that have low interest rates(Jordan and Michel, 2001). Increasing the companys growthand market share is another objective that the company should have. The CFO as part of the strategic team ensures that the company has new frontiers. The CFO should have constant knowledge of potential markets and the frontiesrs that can take up the companys products. Increasing penetration should be an objective of the Chief financial officer for the company and this has a ripple effect on the companys profitability. The CFO formulates the blue print on how the company will penetrate the market .There are potential areas that the company should take their products to and this way they will increase the value of the company. question b Efficient market hypothesis Efficient market hypothesis was a hypothesis formulated by Eguen Fama who was a professor in the university of Chicago in 1960. This was an advancement of the random walk hypothesis hence he was defending the random walk theory. The hypothesis states that the stock exchange prices depends on the information being floated in the market. Hence the current information in the market are the reflection of the market prices for shares, bonds and other financial instruments being traded (Brentani, 2004). News or any other information that he was taking about is that which that can affect the prices of the equities and that which is impossible to know in the future. For example when a major catastrophe happens in any country the stock markets are affected and that is the reason the government is quick to release information that assures the investors that the stocks will not fluctuate in price hence averting any fall in the prices of the shares(Curtis, 2012). However, professor Fama revised the hypothesis to include the strong market hypothesis, semistrong market hypothesis and the weak market hypothesis in 1972. He suggested that in respect to weak market hypothesis is that the past information obtained from a histrorical basis affect the price of the shares. He suggested in this hypothesis that the investors do not behave in a rational way hence they can react or over react to news while other investors do not give any importance to to the news. However, some of the investors leverage on the information to make profits when selling their securities. Therefore, the efficient market hypothesis assumes that investors should be aware of the information currently being floated in the market as it affects prices of the market share.The fund manager may also select a portfolio with a pin. The fund manager knows that the prices of this shares can be affected by the historical prices hence he can be able to predict the share price of the security and recommend whether to buy or sell the security. The fund manager formulates the blue print on how the company will hedge the market .There are potential stocks that an investor should invest in and watch out for any information or news that can increase profits. The performance of a portfolio can based on previous information of the shares. The fund manager can therefore recommend and predict the future performance of the shares with a pin (Executive careers in business administration, 2007). Efficient market hypothesis states that for a shareprice to be where it is it should have internalized all the information in the market. Efficient market hypothesis implies that the cost of the asset is as a result of the stock exchange internalizing the information in the market. Effective market hypothesis needs that investors or market participants to have expectations that are logical and so should be required to manage their expectations regarding the share perfomace as new information changes the share price. The fund manager should th erefore select a portfolio with a pin. References Barnes, P. (2009). Stock market efficiency, insider dealing and market abuse. Farnham, Surrey, England: Gower. Curtis, G. (2012). The stewardship of wealth. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Hillier, D. (2010). Corporate finance. London: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Jordan, J. and Michel, F. (2001). The lean company. Dearborn, MI: Society of Manufacturing Engineers. Nelken, I. (2006). Hedge fund investment management. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann. Pesaran, M. (2010). Predictability of asset returns and the efficient market hypothesis. Munich: CESifo. Pompian, M. (2012). Behavioral finance and wealth management. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Read, C. (2013). The efficient market hypothesists. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Read, C. (2013). The efficient market hypothesists. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Ross, S., Westerfield, R. and Jaffe, J. (2005). Corporate finance. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Ross, S., Westerfield, R. and Jordan, B. (2000). Fundamentals of corporate finance. Boston: Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Ross, S., Westerfield, R. and Jordan, B. (2007). Essentials of corporate finance. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Smart, S., Megginson, W. and Gitman, L. (2004). Corporate finance. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western. Strachman, D. (2012). The fundamentals of hedge fund management. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons, Inc.

Mclibel Case Study Essays - Public Relations, Communication

Mclibel Case Study As organizations seeks ways to increase profits by filtering into international markets, many turn to the field of public relations as a way of reaching cross-cultural markets. Factors such as values, cultural differences, language barriers, beliefs, etcin order to successfully promote an organizations products and services. Public relations practitioners have the responsibility to be the mediator between the organizations and public(s). According to Murphy and Dee (1992), Public relations makes organizations more effective by building relationships with stakeholders in the environment that have the potential to constrain or enhance the mission of the organization. This role also involves disseminating and seeking information to the public. This information/feedback provides the public relations practitioners and the organizations with insight as how the publics perceive the organization. When the organizations forget/ignore the importance of public relations practitioners role in the organizational structure, this may often result in dissatisfactions among the organizations publics and often react in a way that may harm to the organization. This conflict is characterized as activism, which when not dealt correctly, can end in harsh consequences such as tarnished reputation or decrease in profits. 1. McDonalds perspective in identifying their key publics in the Mclibel case. Its very important to correctly identify and characterize the relevant key publics. Dewy(1982) first propounded a public is a group whose members face a similar problem, recognize that problem exists, and organizes something to do about it. Grunig and Hunt(1984) assert that there are three stages in the evolutions of publics. In the first stage, the public does not recognize the problem. In latent stages, the public moves to the aware stage when it recognizes the problem. The final stage is the active stage recognizes the problem and organizes something to do about it. According to J.E. Grunig and Hunt (1984) the idea is to communicate with an aware public before it actively opposes an organization, thus becoming an activist public. London Greenpeace is an activist group with 3.3 million members in over 22 countries that use highly visible actions to draw media attention to environmental problems. The London Greenpeace group, a division of Greenpeace, is an independent group of activists that has no involvement in any political party. This group meets weekly to share concern for the oppression in our lives and the destruction of our environment. Anderson (1992) cited that weaknesses in most case studies of activism is that similar case studies should be conducted that examine activism from the perspective of both the organizations and of the activists groups, which is applicable to this study of the McLibel case. In my research, I came across must more literature and disseminated information from the small activist group of London Greenpeace versus the large multi-national corporation of McDonald's. This study also points to the need of more studies that examine the special problems of international communicatio n. The actions of a McDonald's triggered activist conflict not only in London, but in other different countries as well. If public relations practitioners are to assess issues successfully and identify publics that are likely to become active on those issues, they must look beyond the confines of their own culture and beyond the borders of their own country, Anderson (1992). Greenpeace, being an extreme organization, has to manage or maintain its public image as a group that will not compromise on environmental issues, Murphy and Dee (1992). The organization fits Grunig's (1989) description of a high involvement, information seeking public which believe in collective intervention in organizational decision making. This public seeks to change the direction of environmental decline versus a substitution for lost resources. Strategies of conflict used by Greenpeace, extreme actions, unilateral demands and its intolerance for compromisation. This model emphasizes winning at the expense of the other in which both Greenpeace and McDonald's exemplified through its actions. This method includes communication through manipulation of the issues to slant arguments in its own favor, the use of flamboyant symbols to depict choices in absolute terms, and the refusal to cede any points as pointed by Murphy and Dee (1992). Greenpeace used flamboyant symbols in celebrating the second anniversary of the trial by inviting the media and the public to celebrate by eating a cake in the shape of

How to Write Nursing Case Study

How to Write Nursing Case Study How to Write Nursing Case Study A Nursing case study is among the more complex case study papers to write. This is due to the fact that it is comprised of several sections, each with details needed to convey the information required by doctors and medical personnel for treatment. It is also used as an effective means of communication among the various groups involved, including doctors and nurses as well as other medical staff. Writing a nursing case study necessitates one to follow a given number of steps. The first step entails selecting a particular topic that is based on a real life situation that one is allowed to discuss such an issue following one’s experience or current research. The second step is stating various objectives. For instance, a researcher might choose to indicate what knowledge new learners or nurses will have gained by the end of the study. The nursing case study should include at least four objectives of the study. The third section is the introduction which includes detailed information on a given patient together with the patient’s health problem. In this section, information on the patient is provided, such as the patient’s identity or name, gender, and private information such as age and marital status. This part also contains details concerning the patient’s current health status as well related issues. The patient’s history is a crucial topic of discussion in this section. The fourth step consists of the patient’s background information which allows one to gain a better understanding of the patient’s situation. The fifth step requires the researcher to formulate questions. This step is normally taken in order to analyze what will happen to the patient’s situation after a given period of time. For instance, a nurse may decide to acquire from the patient information concerning previous medical diagnostic results regarding the patient’s present condition. The sixth step towards developing a nursing case study involves providing feedback to the patient. This step helps in creating an awareness of the patient’s progress as well as providing details on whether the stated questions were answered accordingly. The final step is the providing of references used in helping the researcher to obtain more information on the subject matter as needed. If you lack confidence in your own skills to compose a compelling nursing case study, you are welcome to order one from an online-based custom writing company. This will help ensure success in your endeavors with minimum expense to you. Get professional Nursing case study help from academic experts at writing service if you need a custom case study in Nursing.

Globalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Globalisation - Essay Example Lee & Tai (2006) too agree that liberal trade policies, incentives, growing foreign direct investment (FDI), advancement in information technology and communication have all stimulated the process of globalization. The major drivers of globalization according to Singer (2004) include social-demographic (regional, cultural), technological, which includes telecommunications, internet and transportation, economic factors like foreign direct investment, profit motives and market share, ecological and environmental factors like pollution and green laws, and political-legal factors like falling trade barriers, political stability and intellectual property. There is a connection between poverty and globalization and it is generally believed that without globalization inequality would have increased. Free trade would make the world prosperous and assist the poorer nations in coming up. Technological upgradation takes place in developing nations but evidence also suggests that technological change increases inequality between highly skilled workers and the unskilled workers (Singer). Trade and politics should be independent of each other. Globalization means differently to different people. While it provides opportunities to many people, it has also caused impoverishment to many groups and societies. Globalization has led to rapid and sudden changes in information and communications, which too has advantages and pitfalls. There are conflicting stands on this issue. Globalization is the concept of moving towards single-world society. In this effort there has been rising share of economic activity in the world. The aim was to open the world market to everybody and was thought to be a solution to social and economic disorder prevailing in the world. Globalization has brought about competition, liberalization, deregulation, and privatization and opened up capital markets but at the same time it has undermined the economic prospects for millions around

Understanding carbohydrates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Understanding carbohydrates - Essay Example Carbohydrates are a major source of energy needed for accomplishing everyday physical activities and bodily functions. According to the Canadian Sugar Institute (1997), carbohydrates make up for 40 to 80 percent of the total food energy intake among humans worldwide. As the name implies, carbohydrates are carbon hydrates, that is, they are formed from the union of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are commonly taken from cereals, root crops, sugar crops, pulses, vegetables, fruit and milk products (Canadian Sugar Institute, 1997).Some sources of carbohydrates have undergone processing and therefore have different effects on the body as compared to those carbohydrates that did not go through refinements or processes. Because of this, it becomes essential to properly select the carbohydrate-rich foods that would be included in the everyday diet.Carbohydrates, also referred to as saccharides, are basically divided into simple and complex types. The simple carbohydrates are monosaccharid es, or the simple sugars such as glucose, which are composed of single chain molecules of sugar. Complex carbohydrates are made up of di- or polysaccharides, which means that several monosaccharides make up the molecular structure. Simple and complex carbohydrates can be distinguished by taste. Simple carbohydrates are sweet, while the complex types, such as potatoes, are not (Kennedy, 2006).There are other ways of classifying carbohydrates. For example, the Canadian Sugar Institute (1997) classified them into three: sugars, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Carbohydrates supply energy to the body once it is turned into glucose. When food rich in carbohydrates are ingested, they are broken down into a simple form of sugar, glucose, which is then absorbed by the red blood cells for energy (Kennedy, 1997). It is also the preferred source of energy by the brain, the nervous system, placenta and fetus (United States Department of Agriculture [USDA], 2005, p. 1). When carbohydrates are converted into simple sugar, not all of the sugar is used for energy, and some are stored as glycogen. For athletes or individuals wishing to complete high intensity workout lasting for 90 minutes or more, carbo-loading is essential in order to store more glycogen and thereby enhance stamina and performance (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2004). This, however, is not recommended for people who are only engaging in normal everyday activities. Carbohydrates are also essential vehicles for micronutrients and phytochemicals, and they are also important in maintaining glycemic homeostatis and for gastro-intestinal function (Canadian Sugar Institute, 1997). They are most beneficial if they are taken from nutrient-rich sources such as fruits and vegetables. Scientists and medical professionals usually differentiate one carbohydrate from another using the glycemic index. This index is based on the comparative increases in the level of blood glucose (sugar) as the carbohydrate-rich food is ingested (Iowa State University Extension, 2003). Foods with a low glycemic index are digested slowly resulting in a gradual increase in blood sugar. These foods would include high-fiber fruits and vegetables, whole grain products, and legumes. Foods with high glycemic index are easily digested causing a rapid increase in blood sugar. These usually include processed food such as white bread, refined cereal products and candy bars because processing removes the fiber content, which slows down the conversion of carbohydrates into blood sugar. The glycemic index is often used to help balance blood sugar levels in people suffering from diabetes. However, some dieticians are not satisfied with the use of this index, as it does not address other factors relating to excess intake of sweeteners such as fructose, which registers with a low glycemic index (Wylie-Rosett, Segal-Isaacson & Segal-Isaacson, 2004, p.

History of the KKK and their influence in society Research Paper

History of the KKK and their influence in society - Research Paper Example The history of KKK can be broadly divided into three: first, second and third. To be specific, the first Klan can be connected with its origin, the second with its growth/development and the third with its decline. As pointed out, the first Klan can be considered as the origin of KKK in America. For instance, the first Klan was formed in the year 1865 in Tennessee. The retired hands from the Confederate Army were the members who established KKK as a terrorist organization to fight against the freemen. But Bullard (1996), states that â€Å"By the mid 1870s, white Southerners didn’t need the Klan as much as before because they had by that time retaken control of most southern state governments†. The name of this organization originates from Greek language, meaning ‘group or circle of brothers’. The organizational structure of the first Klan was not based upon centralization or decentralization of power because there were a number of groups based upon the same ideology of racism. During this period, the Southern states within America were deeply influenced by the first Klan. In addition, the leaders and members began to target the black population in the southern states. The people who were in favor of racial equality were treated cruelly or murdered by the Klan members. But the Force Acts passed by the authorities in 1870 and the following year were helpful to limit the anti-social deeds initiated by the Klan. In short, the first Klan can be considered as the crude form of KKK, which spread the message of racial supremacy among the people in America. The second Klan: 1915–1944 The formation of the second Klan was in Georgia, in the year 1915. So, this year can be considered as the benchmark of the growth and development of Klan as a racist organization. But Laqueur ( 1977), opines that â€Å"The Second Klan (ca. 1915- 1944) also stood for white supremacy, but at the same time it campaigned for a great many other causes such as patriotism and attacked bootleggers, crapshooters and even wife-beaters† (p.10). Later in 1921, the leaders transformed the Klan from unorganized groups to well knit organization. For instance, the second Klan adopted an innovative system to recruit new members to the organization which accelerated its popularity among the majority. From a different angle of view, large scale immigration helped the Klan to spread its influence to the Western parts of America. Besides, more and more ideas were inculcated to the initial plan to spread racism. For instance, national politics and protest against the spread of communist ideology were connected to the Klan’s initial plan. To be specific, this change helped the Klan to have wide spread popularity among the people and violent activism became the most important mode o f protest. Gradually, the second Klan became more and more centralized. This was helpful to co-ordinate the

The Discipline Of Comparative Literature

The Discipline Of Comparative Literature Comparative Literature as a discipline implies transcending the frontiers of single languages and national literatures. For a comparatist, any literature is basically a literature which has to be studied with reference to other literatures, generally on a bilingual/ multilingual basis. The multilingual consciousness, which has often been distinguished from a polyglot situation, is characterized by the paradoxical desire to be one and yet remain many. Here we shall here make an attempt to bring together, and thereby compare and contrast, a few fundamental aspects of theme with regard to Kamala Das and Balamani Amma. Towards the conclusion of the above process, we shall try to bring forth and analyze some elements of intertextuality, prefiguration etc. which act as subliminal links between the two poets par excellence. As S.S. Prawer says, comparative thematology enables us to examine and contrast the spirit of different societies and epochs as well as those of individual talents: for the same reason, literary studies cannot be divorced from study of literary style (102). Influence studies have acquired a quite justifiable disreputation in the present times since they have been generally pursued in a mechanical, unimaginative way. Though influence cannot be totally separated from questions of analogy, affinity and tradition, it implies impulsion rather than imitation, and it is precisely the lack of mutual influence which makes the comparison interesting and meaningful (Prawer Influence, Analogy and Tradition 52). We have to remember the fact that influence is not confined to individual details, images, borrowings or even sources à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ it has to be considered as something organically involved in the production of artistic works, and that there are comparable manifestations in form or i n content, in different authors, at different times with no apparent direct relationship to each other. As J. T. Shaw says, juxtaposition of comparable works may have great value in the criticism of each of them (90). We must also be aware that the study of influence can lead us to questions of intertextuality, though the manifestation of intertextuality does not by itself presuppose influence. What will be attempted here, consequently, will not be direct analogies or affinities between Kamala Das and Balamani Amma, but instances of impulsion, intertextuality, and prefiguration. The thematic and structural complexity of Kamala Dass poetry is a quite natural outcome of the more complex nature of the modern world, when compared to that of her predecessors. However, it can be seen that her basic themes boil down to a few distinctive types as demonstrated below. Though the criticism that Kamala Das is subjective and does not bother for the world around her is levelled against her, we can easily refute it by citing a few poems she has written against communal violence. For example, the poem The Inheritance is about Hinduà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœMuslimà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœChristian hatred for each other and our false belief about the superiority of our own religion. We had the inheritance of peaceful coà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœexistence, but now everything is upset. She says when at sundown, the muezzins high wail sounded from/The mosque, the chapel bells announced the angelus, and/From the temple rose the brahmins assonant chant, But now lunacy speaks: slay them who do not/Believe, or better still, disembowel their young ones/And scatter on the streets their meagre innards. In A Certain Defect in the Blood ? she states the bitter memories of having to suffer discrimination because of her nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœAryan blood. They were in the grip of fear and were trying to crouch like spiders into tight balls, trying to escape by sleep. She refers to July 1983, probably ethnic violence of a racial base : It was a defect In our blood that made us the lands inferiors, A certain muddiness in the usual red Revealing our non Aryan descent Death has always been Kamala Dass pet topic, and it was almost like an obsession. She was for many a time in deathbed due to cardiac problems and had seen death face to face. She grew up in a strained family atmosphere where her mother belonged to royal heritage and her father peasant folk. She often says that she nourished a fascination for Death the Leveller who could level the shame of her swarthy skin, plain features and Dravidian blood. The Cartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœHorse is about the sorrow of young and old carthorses. Lucky is the decrepit horse which falls on the way and dies spurting pink foam from its mouth. But the old people who see the young horses being shot purse their mouth and tremble when they think of the inevitability of death . In Cerebral Thrombosis, a man of eighty is in his sick bed and the relatives are sleeping (weary, three nights in a row and not even a pillow for their heads). The last line reads: Only the oxcart stumbling on and on. The images of the deathbed, delirium, death etc are brought forth to make us aware of the inevitability of death. She has time and again brought in the issue of frustration due to various reasons. The poem The Testing of the Sirens is about her experiences with a man other than her husband. He makes love to her and takes her outside for sightseeing. But in the end, she realises that there is no more night, no more love or peace, but only the white sun burning. Finally she asks, Why does love come to me, like pain again and again and again? Towards the last part of the poem Daughter of the Century she writes about how she promises to control her lust, although she was enamoured by the white man who had whiter limbs. She is fully aware of the futility and meaninglessness of life. Disillusionment is powerfully expressed in lines like No God seems too keen to preserve us. We mated like Gods but begot only our killers Each mother suckles her own enemy And hate is first nurtured at her gentle breast She had many a fear about ageing, children leaving her when they grow up, friends disowning her, words failing her etc. In the poem Tomorrow she is fearful of the onset of tomorrow. She refers to her love and devotion for her child who called her Amma, and to her dreams unfulfilled before being persecuted by the cruel world. In Womens Shuttles she appears to be very sad about ageing. She can no longer enjoy the privileges that she had enjoyed during her younger days : At my age there are no longer Any homecomings. Nothing can Bring back a twinkle in those eyes That took root in memory During those innumerable Trips behind a dear ones hearse. She did not hesitate to raise her voice against false culture and snobbery: The first part of the poem The Snobs is about her house in Calcutta. The second part registers her strong protest against snobbery and false pretensions, against the cruelty of children who disowned their mothers because their hands were workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœworn. She realises that we too, someday, by our children may be disowned. The poem Nani is mainly about a pregnant maid who hanged herself in the privy one day. They mistook the dead body for an expression of comic dance. When once she asked her grandmother about Nani she asked Who is she? It is also an expression of her philosophic thoughts about life, death and truth. She just cannot tolerate the indifference of the rich towards the poor. The poem Vrindavan hints at soothing extraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœmarital relationship. She generalises it by saying that Vrindavan lives on in every womans mind and the flute is luring her; regarding the long scratch on her brown areola and flushed cheeks she lies to her husband that she tripped over the brambles in the woods. In Love she expresses her admiration for the man who has satisfied her desires: Until I found you I wrote verse, drew pictures and went out with friends for walks. Now that I love you, curled like an old mongrel my life lies, content in you In poems like Summer in Calcutta she speaks of the transience of human relationships. She drinks in the April sun like orange squeezed into her glass. She is intoxicated and wants him only for a moment. She realises how brief is the duration of her devotion and how brief is his reign inside her mind when she drinks the juice of April sun: Dear, forgive this moments lull in wanting you, the blur in memory. How brief the term of my devotion how brief your reign Though Kamala Das is labelled as a feminist poet by some, it seems that she broke herself away from the common kind of feminisms. Her feminine sensibility does not merely argue for gender equality, but for tender care and consideration from the male counterpart. An example is the poem The Old Playhouse, in which she says: I came to you but to learn What I was and by learning, to learn to grow, but every lesson you gave was about yourself. You were pleased with my bodys response, its weather, its usual shallow convulsions. You dribbled spittle into my mouth, you poured yourself into every nook and cranny, you embalmed my poor lust with your bitterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœsweet juices, you called me wife, Adumbrations of motherly love do not often figure in discussions on the poetry of Kamala Das. In the poem Jaisurya she tells us how proud she felt at the birth of her child and how dedicated she was to her new born baby. She wants to disregard the man who branded her with his lust à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ what matters is only the soft stir in womb, the foetus growing : They raised him to me then, proud Jaisurya, my son, separated from a darkness that was mine Poems depicting motherly love constitute the major chunk of Balamani Ammas poetry. It is often remarked that Balamani Amma is the poetess of motherhood. In the anthology titled soopaanam twenty three poems directly represent motherly love and there are many more poems which represent motherly love indirectly also. A typical example is maatru chumbanam (Kiss of the Mother). She is proud of being the mother of a human being. She kisses her child on the mouth, forehead, locks, head etc. The child is compared to a bud. The spring has come to add to the beauty of the bud fondled by the father and mother. She blesses her child to be able to face the harsh realities of life. ammayum makanum (Mother and Son) is the story of the beginning of a spiritual transformation. She is overjoyed when she first touches her baby boy. Thereafter, there is no place for selfishness in her mind. She pledges to live for her son. Tears of joy rush down her cheeks. She decides to refine her ways. According to h er, no philosopher except the mother could ever interpret the babble of the child. In the poem veenugoopaalan (Lord Krishna), the child is compared to Lord Krishna himself. At the height of devotion, even the objects of worship turn out to be God. For gods who do not have ageing or death, the transient childhood might appear attractive. That might have been the reason why they were that much interested in the music of young Lord Krishna. Any mother who vows to serve the son can see God himself in her son. Only foolish people search for God in sacred texts. Only the mother is privileged to envision God in her son. However, when we take up kavipreeyasi, (Wife of a Poet) we are told how the wife of a poet controls her feelings before him who spends his time involving himself in noble things. Half way through cooking and not even combing the hair she climbs the steps to see her husband. There he was sitting, writing poetry, addressing the universe. Her earthly desires are about to rouse him from the state of concentration. She is remorseful about wasting her youthful years. But her husbands words that their youthful days are not meant for enjoyment and merrymaking stop her from going near him. But she sees her husband kissing the ring she gave him and hears him praising her. Then she understands the depth of the love he has for her. She is very much moved by this, which is why she is ready to go back silently. In mangalyaraatri (Marriage Night) a bride forgets her past and clings to her husband, it is because all her thoughts are centred on him. The soul which has achieved Godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœrealization is afraid if it would lose this faculty if it gives importance to worldly things. She is attracted to the beauty of the earth. The poet says that one can ultimately reach God only by learning to appreciate the beauty of the earth. Her husband becomes her whole universe. In kavanapeetattil (On the Stage of Poetry) a poet, bent on creating a worthwhile poem, looks at the roof thoughtfully, when his wife comes and stands at the door. She appears very beautiful and his concentration is lost when he sees her. Her voice makes the house a heaven and according to him, he has got a world of pleasure for himself through marriage. But she pretends as if she does not know what is in his mind. The artist knows that whatever be there, a heart eager for his presence is essential for his perfection in the field. And finally he understands that the beating of a tender heart is sufficient to melt any heart of stone. The ideology of nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœviolence is proclaimed in prabhaatam (Dawn).This is the poets asking her soul to wake up in the morning to worship God and to bow her head in mutual love. The life based on rites and rituals make it difficult for one to reach the shore safely. Unless there is the strong oar of friendship, the boat is likely to be shattered against the walls of hatred. Life was wasted in search of vain things and is now suffering from misfortunes. If we want to make our life enjoyable, we must believe in the principle of nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœviolence. Those who desire to hear the voice of God must not like the sound of mutual fights. When we leave all ill feelings and aspire for Godliness, fraternity and equality, me reach God realization. Similarly, she protests against social inequality and cruelty in ksheetraviidhiyil (On the Threshold of the Temple). This poem was written to celebrate the Guruwayur Temple Entry Proclamation. The poet seems to be fully conversan t with the social and political issues of her time. Till 1107, backward communities were not allowed to enter the temple to worship God. But several freedom fighters and social activists fought for years together to eke out this privilege. The poet praises all those who made that feat possible. She ends her poem by declaring that the revolution which can wipe the tears of the downà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ trodden is the only true kind of revolution. The comparative / contrastive study of themes has been termed differently by different theoreticians à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ thematics, thematology, stoffgeschichte Prawer identifies five prototypal subjects of investigation in this field, viz. (i) natural phenomena and mans reaction to them (ii) recurring motifs (iii) recurrent situations (iv) the literary representation of types and (v) the literary representation of named personages ( Prawer Themes and Prefigurations 99-100). Prawers remarks about the benefits of comparative thematology are of special significance with regard to the present study (102-3). First of all, the comparative study of themes and motifs enables us to see what type of writer chooses what type of material, and how the material is dealt with at various times. For example, Balamani Amma has a genius for combining themes and motifs from the most varied sources and integrating them into unified works of art, but Kamala Das weighs, filters and distils her themes. Secondly, thematic studies enable us, to examine and contrast the spirit of different societies and epochs as well as those of individual talents. Balamani Ammas tentative adumbration of physical love transforms, as we have seen, into Kamala Dass clinical prognosis of foreplay and coitus. Discussing the problematised and elusive concept of influence, Rene Wellek (qtd in Prawer, Influence, Analogy and Tradition 51) says that the whole conception of a cause in literary study is uncritical; nobody has ever been able to show that a work of art was caused by another work of art, even though parallels and similarities can be accumulated. A later work of art may not have been possible without a preceding one, but it cannot have been caused by it. Now, this casual admission of fact by Wellek can be taken as an excellent launching point, though his statement may be somewhat too broad in reference. Putting things in this broad frame of reference one can well argue that all texts have been influenced in some way or another, and that all works of literature are intertextual in nature. Speaking about literary indebtedness, J. T. Shaw (85-6) says that an authors literary debts do not in effect diminish his originality, since originality is not best understood in terms of innovation. Many great authors have openly admitted the influence of others on them, and some, like Salman Rushdie, have even paraded their indebtedness to others. They seem to have felt that originality consists, not exclusively or even primarily in innovation in materials or of style and manner, but in the genuineness and effectiveness of the artistic moving power of the creative work. The innovation which does not move aesthetically is of interest only to the for malist. What genuinely moves the reader aesthetically and produces an independent artistic effect has artistic originality, whatever its debts. The original author is not necessarily the innovator or the most inventive, but rather the one who succeeds in making all his own, in subordinating what he takes from others to the new aesthetics of his artistic work (Shaw 85-6). What emerges from the aforesaid is that the juxtaposition of comparable authors as well as their works has rewards richer than we might imagine. The kind of quasià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœdiachronic comparison we are attempting here will be seen to expose hitherto ignored or unperceived aspects of awareness concerning both the mother and the daughter. From the foregoing, it would almost be tautological to say that we have here two poetic minds operating on entirely different milieu. Creative power is, as commonly observed, fed and controlled by the timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœspirit. Since Balamani Amma had written most of her poems during the Indian struggle for independence, we have a natural preponderance of themes like patriotism, reverence for God, concern for the poor and the afflicted etc in her poems, combined with a dominant lucidity of style. But on the other hand we have Kamala Das, a product of modern lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœsituations. She is the spokesperson of the subtle but powerful eruptions of the complex modern psyche. Identity crises, phobias, inhibitions, unfulfilled and uncertain relationships à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ all form the natural makeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœup of the raw material before the modern poet; and hence we have the ensuing complexity and innovativeness of both theme and style. Intertextuality is a potential mi ne for significant discovery of links which exist, directly and subliminally, between the mother and the daughter. What follows is an attempt to concretize some facets of intertextuality which exist between them. (a) PREOCCUPATION WITH THE DIVINE For Balamani Amma, manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœGod relationship is not enigmatic at all. She was convinced that the way to God lies in self sacrifice, and almost all of her poems in this category centre on this keynote. paniniirppuuv , mannambalam, vandanam etc are good examples. In her poem paniniirppuuv we see that though man has access to high ideals and spiritual thoughts which are said to be capable of leading him towards ultimate Bliss, Godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœrealization occurs only when he is willing to place everything at the feet of the Almighty. The poem vandanam is another triumphant acclamation of the manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœGod relationship. The poet says that the troubles of this world à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ disease, discomfort, loneliness or anything à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ cannot destroy her faith in the Almighty. One of her other similar poems, Benediction, (aasirvaadam translated by the author) deserves special mention, where she felicitously combines the mundane with the spiritual: The first cry of the child was a Mantra Sanctifying their love No wonder. The child has come with the key of Heaven held tight in his curling fingers, Fingers that have to scribble the first lessons of selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœsacrifice on her mothers bosom (Balamani Amma, Thirty Poems) Kamala Das on the other hand has considerably problematised the concept of God, especially in some of her Anamalai poems. In poem No. 10 she says: There is a love greater than all you know/ that awaits you where the red road finally ends its patience proverbial In poem No. 4, God or eternity is presented from another angle: If only the human eye could look beyond the chilling flesh where would death be then, that meaningless word, when life is all that there is, that raging continuity that often the wise ones recognize as God? For her, the concept of God or heaven is totally free from religious insinuations, and the way to God does not need to involve selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœsacrifice in any form. For her, the wise one is he who is able to escape the stranglehold of the immediate, one who has enough perspective to view life as starting from the infinite and proceeding towards the infinite, with the occasional intrusion of death which cannot spell finality. (b) THE FEMINIST SEARCH FOR IDENTITY AND FULFILMENT The overtly feminist stance of Kamala Das has been exegetically discussed during the recent years. Almost aggressively individualistic, she systematically disposes of patriarchal codes in the various facets of human relationship, arguing for a just balance: Fond husband, ancient settler in the mind Old fat spider, weaving webs of bewilderment, be kind. You turn me into a bird of stone, a granite dove, You build round me a shabby drawing room and stroke my face absent mindedly (From The Stone Age) Kamala Dass poetry has a special force and appeal for us primarily because of the honesty and candour with which she asserts her right to exist as an individual with a distinctive identity and to be her authentic self even if this involves breaking the moulds of traditional ethics and propriety. Her poetry voices a vehement protest against the senseless restrictions which compel a sensitive and intelligent woman to lead a vapid kind of existence. She refused to fit into any scheme devised by the categorizers. The frank, confessional quality of her poetry is her main strength, though in the absence of a mature selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœrestraint we can also notice in it a dash of callow exhibitionism particularly when she has to flaunt her flamboyant lust in order to retrieve her undermined dignity. The bitter irony and anguish of a woman who find herself tied down to a meaningless routine of household activities can be noticed in many of her poems. We see them in The Siesta where we find the poet asking herself ironically if she could have the courage and the sense : to pick herself an average identity, to age through years of earthly din gently, like a cut flower until its time to be removed . . . Through her defiant self-assertion, Kamala Das increases our awareness of how the dead weight of outworn values can block the emotional and individual growth of an individual. How painful, frenzied and self-consuming the life of an ill adjusted, sensitive individual can be in the rotting and decaying society is well brought out in many of her poems. However, it is more interesting to see the same streak of rebellion in the poetry of Balamani Amma, although in different form. The telling effect of zeità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœgeist upon her poetry diverted the force of her attack, so much so that she has had to project her feelings via an artificial context, many times resorting to using a third person, which would be of help in coming round the delicate problem of involving ones own husband. For example in her poem kalyaanaveedimeel (Upon the Wedding Stage) she evocatively highlights the picture of a potential groom afraid of his own natural impulses. Apparently, his whole life is dedicated to the pursuit of knowledge, and he cannot understand what knowledge the prospective bride would be able to impart. Though in his heart of hearts he looks forward to the pleasures of marriage, his conscious self considers it a weakness to have decided to marry. In another poem a girl, a sages daughter, shuns all lures of conjugal life. In spite of her fathers efforts to persuade her to marry one of his disciples, she remains adamant and shuns all worldly pleasures thinking that she has attained supreme enlightenment, and that she must not condescend to be a mere consort to a man. Later her father dies, and after many years when the charm of her youth has ebbed away, she meets a young sanyasi. The young man likes her and wants to be near her always. But she does not want to enchain his youthfulness to old age and decides to dissolve every particle of her existence in the foam of the ocean waves. This strange story inexorably justifies the reality and validity of all human passions. Kama or carnal pleasure has its validity in life, and repression of basic urges will only lend to psychological abnormalities. Balamani Ammas philosophy is one which embraces life on this earth with all its defects and deficiencies, and gives due recognition to th e psychological truth that asceticism has its martyrs. In the poem, kavanapiitattil (In the Poets Study) we have the silhouette of an artist working late into the night. His young wife, having been fighting it out with loneliness for quite some time expectantly makes a tentative appearance at the door, with age old human desire adumbrating her face. As the poet describes it, the artist, then at a supreme moment of creation disposes of this potential casualty by amicably reminding her of the importance of what he is doing, and the possible hazard which can be caused even by a minutes relapse. His obedient and understanding wife then beats a silent retreat. Poems like these express, albeit subtly, what the poet wants to say. Balamani Amma had to go by the canons of contemporary zeità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœgeist which advocated restraint, circumvention moderation rather than explicitness. But it can be seen that the same fierce individualism and plea for gender justice which marks off Kamala Das preà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœfigures forcefully in the poetry of her mother, though in a form not substantial enough to attract common notice. However, the mother could later find vicarious realization of suppressed rebellion through the poetry of her daughter, although after many years. In her poem To my Daughter written in 1965 she says: Your mind may grow restless with sad thoughts Your body may be weary of household tasks But about you I hold no fear. Your power of turning worms into butterflies Comforts me.

Terrorism - Analysis of Pan Am 103 and the Tokyo Subway :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Lessons from Pan Am 103 and the Tokyo Subway      Ã‚   ABSTRACT: Terrorists were very active long before September 11. This essay reviews the 1988 downing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland and the March 1995 gas attack in the Tokyo subway. The results of these terrorist acts, who carried them out, how they were carried out, and what can be done in the future to prevent such incidents from happening again are all investigated.    On December 21, 1988 the world was shocked as a Boeing 747 Pan American Airlines flight from London's Heathrow Airport to New York City crashed in a fiery ball due to a terrorist-placed bomb in the forward luggage compartment. After the explosion the plane proceeded to break up into three different parts. The wings broke off separately, as did the main fuselage, and the first-class/cockpit area. All 259 people on-board, from twenty-one different countries, died, as well as eleven people of the town of Lockerbie, Scotland, where the plane was downed.    In a remarkably short amount of time after the crash hundreds of people were on the scene doing the initial investigative work that would eventually lead to finding the crash's cause as well as the perpetrators of the offense. Over one thousand police officers were dispensed on to the scene, over six hundred military personnel, morticians from the Royal Air Force, and teams of investigators from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Central Intelligence Agency, the National Transportation Safety Board, the U.S. State Department, the Federal Aviation Agency, the Boeing Company, and Pratt and Whitney. These people started surveying a land area that was seemingly too large to negotiate, 845 square miles. The United States also moved some of their extremely sophisticated spy satellites over southern Scotland to give the investigating teams high-resolution reconnaissance photographs of the area being searched.    The investigators were able to figure out fairly quickly that what brought down Flight 103 was a bomb, as it had all of the tell-tale signs, including no emergency or distress calls prior to the crash. The bomb had been concealed inside a Toshiba radio, which was placed inside a hard-sided Samsonite suitcase that had been designated as an unaccompanied bag. The suitcase had been transferred from an Air Malta feeder flight out of Valletta.    By June of 1990, six months after the